Barwise, Jon; and Etchemendy, John, 2000. Language Proof and Logic. CSLI (University of Chicago Press) and New York: Seven Bridges Press. Một mở đầu nhẹ nhàng.
Frege, Gottlob, 1879. Begriffsschrift. Translated in Jean van Heijenoort, 1967. From Frege to Gödel: A Source Book on Mathematical Logic, 1879-1931. Harvard University Press.
Hilbert, David; and Ackermann, Wilhelm, 1950 (1928). Principles of Mathematical Logic. Chelsea. Translation of Grundzüge der theoretischen Logik. Springer-Verlag..
Peirce, C. S., 1885,"On the Algebra of Logic: A Contribution to the Philosophy of Notation, American Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 7, pp. 180–202. Reprinted in Kloesel, N. et al., eds., 1993. Writings of C. S. Peirce, Vol. 5. Indiana University Press.
Reichenbach, Hans, 1975 (1947). Elements of Symbolic Logic, Dover Publications. Các lượng từ được thảo luận từ Chương §18"Binding of variables"tới Chương §30"Derivations from Synthetic Premises".
Westerståhl, Dag, 2001,"Quantifiers,"trong Goble, Lou, ed., The Blackwell Guide to Philosophical Logic. Blackwell.
